在英语语言体系中,部分否定(亦称不完全否定)的表达方式多种多样,以下将详细介绍几种常见的表达形式及其应用实例:
一、关于”all”的部分否定构造:采用”not all…”(或”all…not”)的结构,用以传达”并非全部…”或”并非个个…”的含义。具体例证如下:
Not all individuals possess the capability to become leaders. (= It is not the case that all individuals can become leaders.) 并非所有人均具备成为领导者的条件。
Not all species of bamboo achieve significant height. 并非所有竹类植物都能长到很高。
二、涉及”both”的部分否定用法:通过”not…both”(或”both…not”)的句式,表达”两个之中并非都…”的意思。例如:
I am not interested in acquiring both of these books. 我并非对这两本书都感兴趣。
Both (these) windows are not currently ajar. 这两扇窗户并非都处于开启状态。
三、运用”every…”进行部分否定时:”not every…”(或”every…not”)结构表示”并非每个…”的含义。例如:
Not every literary work holds educational value. (或:Every literary work is not educational.) 并非每部文学作品都具有教育价值。
Not every individual holds a preference for this book. 并非每个人都喜欢这本书。
This particular bloom is not encountered in every location. 这种花卉并非在所有地方都能见到。
四、针对”always”的部分否定:”not always”用以表达”并非总是…”的含义。例如:
He does not remain perpetually in a sorrowful state. 他并非一直处于悲伤情绪中。
五、涉及”entirely”, “altogether”, “completely”及”quite”的部分否定形式:这些词汇的部分否定表达”并非完全…”或”并不十分…”的意思。例如:
Businesspersons cannot be entirely relied upon. 商人无法被完全信任。
He experienced a sense of dissatisfaction that was not entirely complete. 他感到并不完全满意。
I concur with you only to a certain extent. 我并不完全同意你的观点。
His actions were not entirely appropriate. 他的行为并不十分恰当。
六、”all the time”的部分否定形式:表达”并非一直…”或”未必总是…”的含义。例如:
A person of limited intellect does not err constantly. 愚笨的人未必总是犯错。
七、”not…and…”结构的部分否定应用,通常否定的是”and”连接的后半部分。例如:
He articulated his thoughts in a manner that was not lucid and precise. 他表达观点的方式既不清晰也不准确。
This cinematic production is engaging but lacks instructional merit. 这部影片引人入胜但缺乏教育意义。
She excels in singing but lacks proficiency in dancing. 她擅长唱歌但不擅长跳舞。
若将”and”替换为”or”,则”not”会对”or”连接的两部分进行全面否定。例如:
He did not express his ideas clearly or accurately. 他表达的观点既不清晰也不准确。
若需对上述提及的”all”, “both”, “every”, “always”以及”entirely”, “altogether”, “completely”, “quite”和”all the time”等词汇进行全否定,则需采用相应的全否定词汇,如”no”, “none”, “neither”, “no one”, “never”, “not (never)… at all”等。例如:
All of them are capable of performing this task.— None of them are capable of performing this task.
Both of them are excellent.— Neither of them is excellent.
Every individual enjoys it. — No one enjoys it.
He is always punctual. — He is never punctual.
We do not regard them with complete trust. — We never trust them in the slightest.
He was present throughout the entire period. — He was never present.
Not everything that appears shiny is gold.
正误对比分析:
正:并非所有闪亮的事物都是金子。【例如,骑白马的人未必都是王子】
误:所有闪亮的事物都不是金子。
★深入解析★
当不定代词”all”, “both”, “every…”或副词”always”, “often”, “entirely”与”not”组合使用时,该结构构成部分否定,其含义为”并非全部”、”并非每个人都…”等。
例句:
I do not recall all these equations.
这些公式我并非全都记得。
I do not fully concur with your perspective.
我并不完全赞同你的观点。