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无需再担忧被贴上“自恋”的标签，适度的自恋实际上能够带来诸多益处。
来自英国贝尔法斯特女王大学的研究团队最新发布的研究结果显示，具备自恋特质的人群，往往展现出更强的心理承受能力，能够有效应对压力，并且不易受到抑郁情绪的困扰。
图 via VCG
该研究的主要发起人，贝尔法斯特女王大学心理学领域的助理教授科斯塔斯·帕帕乔吉欧（Kostas Papageorgiou），详细阐述了自恋的两种主要形态：即浮夸型和脆弱型。
“Narcissism is part of the ‘Dark Tetrad’ of personality that also includes Machiavellianism, Psychopathy and Sadism. There are two main dimensions to narcissism – grandiose and vulnerable,” said study researcher Kostas Papageorgiou.
研究者科斯塔斯·帕帕乔吉欧指出，“自恋是人格特征‘黑暗四人格’的重要组成部分，此类别还包括马基雅维利主义（权谋主义）、精神变态和虐待狂。自恋主要体现在两个维度上——浮夸型自恋和脆弱型自恋。”
“Vulnerable narcissists are likely to be more defensive and view the behaviour of others as hostile whereas grandiose narcissists usually have an over inflated sense of importance and a preoccupation with status and power.”
“脆弱型自恋者倾向于采取防御姿态，并将他人的行为解读为敌对行为，相反，浮夸型自恋者通常过分强调自身的重要性，并且对地位和权力有着执着的追求。”
Be proud of yourself: Narcissistic people less likely to deal with depression (via The Economic Times)
研究人员的观察表明，自恋带来的正面效应主要体现在浮夸型自恋特质较为明显的研究对象身上。
People with “grandiose” narcissism — defined in the dictionary as “pompous superiority or pretentiousness” may achieve mental toughness, a form of resilience that could be protective, said lead author Kostas Papageorgiou, an assistant professor of psychology at Queen’s University in Belfast.
研究报告的主要作者、贝尔法斯特女王大学的心理学助理教授科斯塔斯·帕帕乔吉欧强调，“浮夸型”自恋在字典中的定义为“浮夸的优越感或自命不凡”，具有此类自恋特质的人可能培养出心理韧性，这种韧性能够起到保护作用。
They gain this mental toughness by overcoming the challenges they face as they attempt to “gain access to the resources that they think they deserve,” he said.
他说道，这些人通过克服在追求“他们认为应得的资源”过程中所面临的挑战，从而获得了这种精神上的坚韧。
“Our work suggests that, at least some aspects of narcissism, may help individuals to show resilience against certain types of psychopathology, namely, symptoms of depression and perceived stress,” Papageorgiou said.
“我们的研究提示，自恋的某些方面，可能帮助个体在面对某些类型的精神病理学时，如抑郁症状和感知到的压力，展现出更强的适应能力，”帕帕乔吉欧阐述道。
Narcissists may be protected against depression and stress, says study. But at what cost? (via CNN)
研究同时揭示，那些在浮夸自恋维度得分较高的人群，其感知到的压力水平较低，因此不太可能将生活状态视为充满压力。
研究还发现，浮夸自恋程度高的人感受到的压力较小，因此不太可能认为自己的生活有压力。
Be proud of yourself: Narcissistic people less likely to deal with depression (via The Economic Times)
图 via VCG
这项研究综合了三项独立的研究项目，每项研究都涵盖了超过700名成年参与者的数据。尽管每个人或多或少都存在自恋倾向，但专家指出，当自恋发展至一定程度，形成自恋型人格障碍时，将会引发一系列负面影响。
True narcissistic personality disorder, or NPD, affects about 1% of the population. It’s a mental condition characterized by an insatiable hunger to be the center of attention.
真正的自恋型人格障碍影响着约1%的人口。这是一种精神疾病，其核心特征是极度渴望成为关注的焦点。
Diagnosed narcissists often feel entitled, expect to be recognized as superior even if they’re not, need constant, excessive admiration, and have an inflated sense of self importance. They can also become stressed or depressed if they are not treated in the manner they believe they deserve.
被诊断为自恋型人格障碍的人通常会觉得自己理应受到特殊对待，即便他们并不出色，也希望被视为优越，需要持续且过度的赞美，并拥有膨胀的自我重要性。如果他们没有得到他们认为应得的对待，他们也会感到压力或沮丧。
Narcissists exaggerate their own achievements and talents and can become impatient or angry and lash out at others due to difficulty controlling their emotions and behavior.
自恋者倾向于夸大自己的成就和才能，由于难以控制自己的情绪和行为，他们可能会变得不耐烦或愤怒，并对他人进行攻击。
A key element of narcissism, say experts, is a lack of empathy — an inability or unwillingness to recognize the needs and feelings of others.
专家指出，自恋的一个关键要素是缺乏同理心，即无法或不愿认识到他人的需求和感受。
Narcissists may be protected against depression and stress, says study. But at what cost? (via CNN)
图 via VCG
此外，有研究指出，当前社会的年轻群体相较于以往的年轻人表现出更高的自恋倾向。
研究数据似乎表明，自恋在年轻一代中呈上升趋势。2008年的一项研究显示，2006年的大学生在自恋程度上比20年前的学生高出30%。
Millennials themselves agree they are more narcissistic than previous generations, according to research. They see the behavior as a sign of “individualism,” a trait they highly value.
研究结果表明，千禧一代承认自己比前几代人更自恋。他们认为这种倾向是“个人主义”的体现，是他们高度重视的一种特质。
Narcissists may be protected against depression and stress, says study. But at what cost? (via CNN)
您是否具有自恋的特质？
文：Du Qiongfang
资料：CNN, The Economic Times
图：VCG